Clemencia Plazas. Arqueóloga independiente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.
E-mail address: clemencia_plazas@yahoo.es
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0000

Abstract: Within the Andean Area of Metallurgy evidence for close interaction can be detected over the region which we will call here the Southern Intermediate Area; influences from this area extended beyond its territorial boundaries. This Southern Intermediate Area includes the Pacific Coast from La Tolita -Tumaco (in southern Colombia and northern Ecuador) as far as northern Peru, and, in the Sierra,  from the highlands of the Departments of Nariño and Carchi (on either side of the border between Colombia and Ecuador), as far south as the northern sector of the Peruvian Andes. At round about 900-700 B.C. gold wire and small ítems of sheet copper were being made on the coast while in the Ecuadorean highlands, droplets of cast gold and metalsmiths’ workshops have been found (500 B.C.).  Between 700 and 1200 A.D. “axe-monies” of arsenical bronze made in Ecuador was traded as far as the north coast of Peru. Furthermore, and in spite of chronological differences, ítems in the Piartal style from the highlands bordering the frontier between Colombia and Ecuador (800-1120 A.D.) are similar in technique and style to the so-called “transitional” style of the north coast of  Perú.

Keywords: Intermediare Area; North Intermediare Area; South Intermediare Area; Tinculpa; Axe Money; Piartal Style.

Received 6 May 2007, Accept 21 July 2007, Available online 30 September 2007.
 

References

Alba, Walter. 1992. Orfebrería del Formativo. En Oro del antiguo Perú, 17-118. Banco de Crédito del Perú. Lima.

Barrantes, Ramiro. 1993. Evolución en el trópico: Los amerindios de Costa Rica y Panamá. Universidad de Costa Rica. San José.

Bergsøe, Sven. 1937. The metallurgy and technology of gold and platinum among the pre-colombian indians. Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter A 44. Naturvidenskabelige Samfund i Kommision hos G.E.C. Gad. F.C. Copenhagen.

Bruhns, Karen O. 1998. Huaquería, Procedencia y Fantasía. Los soles de oro del Ecuador. Boletín Museo del Oro 44-45: 183-200. Banco de la República. Bogotá.

Bruhns, Karen O. 2003. Social and cultural development in the ecuatorian highlands and eastern lowlands during the formative. In Archaeology of Formative Ecuador: 125-174. Scott, Raymond and Richard Burger (eds.). Dumbarton Oaks. Washington.

Constenla, Adolfo. 1991. Las lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. San José.

Estrada, Emilio. 1961. Correlaciones entre la arqueología de la Costa del Ecuador y Perú. Humanitas II:31-61. Quito.

Grossman, Joel W. 1972. An ancient goldworker’s tool kit. The earliest metal technology in Peru. Archaeology (25) 4: 270-275.

Hoopes, John W. y Oscar Fonseca. 2003. Goldwork and chibcha identity:Endogenous change and diffuse unity. In Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panamá and Colombia: 49-90. J. Quilter y J.W.Hoopes (eds). Dumbarton Oaks. Washington.

Hosler, Dorothy. 1988. Ancient west mexican metallurgy: South American origins and west mexican transformations. American Anthropologist  90:832-855.

Hosler, Dorothy. 1994. The sound and colors of power. The sacred metallurgical technology of ancient west Mexico. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass.

Hosler, Dorothy, Heather Lechtman y Olaf Holm. 1990. Axe monies and their relatives. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington.

Lechtman, Heather. 1988. Traditions and styles in central Andean metalworking. En The beginning of use of metals and alloys, Second International Conference of the beginning of the use of metals and alloys, Zhengishon (China), 21-26. 344-378. Robert Maddin (ed.), MIT. Boston.

Lechtman, Heather, Antonieta Erlij y Edward J. Barry. 1982. New perspectives of Moche metallurgy: techniques of gilding cooper at Loma Negra, Northen Perú. American Antiquity (41) 1: 3-29.

Morris, Craig y Adriana Von Hagen. 1993. The Inca Empire and its andean origins. American Museum of Natural History. New York.

Onuki, Yoshio. 1995. Kuntur Wasi y Cerro Blanco. Hokusen-Sha. Tokio.

Plazas, Clemencia. 1998. Cronología de la metalurgia colombiana. Boletín Museo del Oro 44-45: 3-77. Banco de la República. Bogotá.

Plazas, Clemencia y Ana María Falchetti. 1983. La tradición metalúrgica del suroccidente colombiano.  Boletín Museo del Oro 14: 1- 32. Banco de la República. Bogotá.

Rehren, R. y Mathilde Temme. 1992. Pre-Columbian Gold Processing at Putushio, South Ecuador: The Archaeometallurgical Evidence. In Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian sites and artifacts. Proceedings of a symposium: 267-283. David A. Scott and Pieter Meyers (eds.) UCLA, Institute of Archaeology Getty Conservation Institute. Los Angeles.

Shady, Ruth, Camilo Dolorier, Fanny Montesinos y Lyda Casas. 2003. Sustento socioeconómico del estado prístino de Supe-Perú: las evidencias de Caral-Supe. En  La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe: los orígenes de la civilización andina y la formación del estado prístino en el antiguo Perú. Ruth Shady y Carlos Leyva (eds.). Instituto Nacional de Cultura. INC y Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe. Lima.

Valdéz, Francisco, Bernard Gratuze, Alexandra Yépez y Julio Hurtado. 2005. Evidencia temprana de metalurgia en la Costa Pacífica ecuatorial. Boletín Museo del Oro 53. Banco de la República, Bogotá. Obtenido de la Web el 12 de octubre de 2006. http://www.banrep.gov.co/museo/esp/boletin.

Zeballos, Carlos. 2005. Tecnología y arte de la metalurgia prehispánica en el Ecuador. Mundo Gráfico, Quito.